Other excretory routes, urination and kidney disorders — practice questions

Question 1 · difficulty L1 · recall

Artificial removal of nitrogenous wastes from blood across a semipermeable membrane:

• A. peristalsis
• B. filtration in Bowman capsule
• C. micturition
• D. dialysis

Question 2 · difficulty L1 · recall

Which organ removes carbon dioxide and water vapour as excretory products?

• A. Spleen
• B. Pancreas
• C. Lungs
• D. Thyroid

Question 3 · difficulty L1 · recall

Which nitrogen-containing compound is excreted in small amounts through human sweat?

• A. Glycogen
• B. Bilirubin only
• C. Haemoglobin
• D. Urea

Question 4 · difficulty L2 · understanding

What triggers the micturition reflex under normal conditions?

• A. Stretching of the urinary bladder wall as it fills
• B. A fall in blood glucose
• C. Closure of the ureters
• D. Filtration in Bowman's capsule

Question 5 · difficulty L2 · understanding

What is uremia?

• A. Formation of kidney stones from crystallised salts
• B. Accumulation of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in blood because renal function is severely impaired
• C. Inflammation of the glomeruli only
• D. Excess production of urine after drinking water

Question 6 · difficulty L3 · understanding

Presence of which of the following conditions in urine are indicative of Diabetes Mellitus?

• A. Ketonuria and Glycosuria
• B. Uremia and Renal Calculi
• C. Uremia and Ketonuria
• D. Renal calculi and Hyperglycaemia

Question 7 · difficulty L3 · application

A patient with severe renal failure undergoes haemodialysis. What is the basic purpose of the procedure?

• A. To replace the liver's production of urea
• B. To stimulate nephrons to divide rapidly
• C. To remove wastes and excess solutes from blood across a semipermeable membrane
• D. To pump urine from the bladder into the kidney

Question 8 · difficulty L3 · application

Crystals of salts precipitate within the kidney or urinary tract and form a hard mass. Which disorder is this?

• A. Emphysema
• B. Glomerulonephritis
• C. Uremia
• D. Renal calculi

Question 9 · difficulty L4 · analysis

Inflammation damages glomeruli and reduces their ability to filter blood properly. Which disorder best matches this description?

• A. Glomerulonephritis
• B. Renal calculi
• C. Angina pectoris
• D. Emphysema

Question 10 · difficulty L5 · analysis

During haemodialysis, the dialysing fluid has normal concentrations of useful plasma solutes but lacks major nitrogenous wastes. Why is this composition useful?

• A. It forces blood cells through the dialysis membrane
• B. It favours diffusion of wastes out of blood while limiting loss of needed solutes
• C. It causes plasma proteins to diffuse rapidly out of blood
• D. It converts urea into glucose